Com 220 Prison Overcrowding Harms Everyone

A Philippine Hero

†¦ I. as far as it matters for me, have done everything conceivable to evade it, in spite of the fact that at the expense of numerous rights pointlessly sacrificed†¦ My administration can not stay detached taking into account [the] savage and forceful seizure of its region by a country which has arrogated to itself the title boss of abused countries. Thus†¦ my administration is arranged to open threats [if America assaults the Visayas]. Upon their heads be all the blood which might be shed. Emilio Aguinaldo Proclamation, Malolos, January 5, 1899 In Larry Henares' program, a portion of the specialists - ardent admirers of Aguinaldo-communicated the oft-rehashed see that the general neglected to accomplish enormity according to Filipinos basically on the grounds that he lived excessively long. He didn't pass on youthful, in the blossom of youth, as Jacinto, or in some dusk of the divine beings way, as Bonifacio. He wasn't martyred, as Rizal, and he didn't pass on, penurious and dismissed, as Mabini. He essentially lived on, and on, until he became something like an out of date relict fit for ogling at, however not for worship. Poor, unheralded man. Nobody at any point made it understood in the event that anybody inquired as to whether that is the thing that he felt. I would imagine that Aguinaldo was exceedingly blessed to have lived for such a long time. He outlasted a significant number of his companions, yet he likewise outlasted the entirety of his foes. He was castigated during his lifetime - sometimes, in light of the fact that he included himself in legislative issues and along these lines made himself reasonable game-yet he lived to see freedom day moved to June 12. Isn't having lived long enough to be recounted that change a choice accomplishment? What's more, for an incredible duration, he had the dedication and commitment of the individuals who had a place with the League of the Veterans of the Revolution. The things held against him, the corrupt Tejeros Convention - one educator of history has called attention to that there were a bigger number of votes cast than there were really individuals to cast them-which prompted the possible execution of Bonifacio, and the death of Gen. Antonio Luna which was an incredible hit to the military practicality of the powers of the Republic, may everlastingly banish him from arriving at the equivalent magnified spot in the expressions of love of the Filipino individuals. They will consistently frequent him. In any case, they don't, I think, decrease his enormity by any means. The force battle - an exposed upset d'‚tat, some have called it-that prompted Bonifacio's destruction makes for sickening perusing. What's more, his execution was a poor end for a nationalist. In any case, is such resentment over this, justified? Do individuals get steamed at this in light of the fact that, truly, they are applying semi strict ethical quality to a subject that ought to be separated from it? For what reason should principles befitting strict sainthood be applied to common courage? Must you be â€Å"good† (in the manner in which individuals like Fr. Nudas would characterize it) to be a saint? A saint for a common nation? At the point when Bonifacio's fitness to hold the arrangement of the division of the Interior was addressed by Daniel Tirona, the Supremo, angry, requested a withdrawal. He neglected to get it. Irate, he proclaimed the procedures invalid and void, and left. NCC Chairman Laurel related proudly on Henares' program how his granddad, Sotero, leader of the Batangas appointment at Tejeros, and a Bonifacio supporter, responded to the mayhem that followed. He called for lambanog. He drank, pulled out his weapon, and put it on the table. He requested that, as they had all consented to before, the choice of the greater part be regarded. Something else, mag ubusan na tayo. The dominant part agreed with Aguinaldo. Bonifacio (or, contingent upon how you see it, Aguinaldo) had declared war. As Sotero Laurel may have put it at that point, matira ang matibay. Aguinaldo won, clearly. The thing is, in a progressive circumstance, extraordinary circumstances call for outrageous measures. You can't falter and sort things out and knead consciences while the adversary attempts to slaughter all of you . Each unrest wherever has been defaced with contending groups, a large number of whom carry on of not exactly honorable intentions. At long last, one gathering must win, one predetermination accomplished. The Revolution, for good or not well, had its fate attached to Aguinaldo. While the development (from Mabini's perspective) floundered because of the Supremo's liquidation, it endured. It was suspended after biak-na-bato, continued once more, and brought forth the announcement produced using a window of a house in Kawit on June 12. The announcement of the Philippines as a free nation. The Republic didn't succeed. Was it Aguinaldo's issue? The flaw of the Ilustrados? Did it fizzle due to contending perspectives and interests inside it, divisions that exist right up 'til the present time in our nation and in different nations with comparative chronicles? Left to ourselves, they had as great a possibility of in the long run working them out as some other individuals on earth. Be that as it may, they weren't disregarded. They were curbed with krag rifles and American strategies. Commendably, the Centennial Commission has clarified that it is the announcement and not the substance of freedom that will be recognized in 1998. A decree whose goals have persevered. As have its images: our banner, our song of devotion. Yearnings we endeavored to satisfy in 1946, goals each age attempts to satisfy up to the present. Aguinaldo was liable for that affirmation, that banner, that hymn. He gave the country vessels to contain its spirit. We ought to have the option to excuse him for being a defective man and a poor government official. Over and over, our pantheon of legends has been blockaded by furious hordes, aim on pulling down - or raising up high over the others-the sculptures of incredible Filipinos. We, who should, as befits an apparently equitable and liberal state, discover nothing incorrectly or disgraceful in having our legends stand one next to the other, stay fixated on setting up chivalrous progressive systems, as if the pioneers we love were negligible princelings dependent upon Byzantine guidelines of priority. Is it accurate to say that we are a people shameful of legends in any case?

Overview of VARK Learning Styles

Overview of VARK Learning Styles Theories Cognitive Psychology Print Overview of VARK Learning Styles Which Learning Style Do You Have? By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Aron Janssen, MD on November 27, 2019 linkedin Aron Janssen, MD is board certified in child, adolescent, and adult psychiatry and is the vice chair of child and adolescent psychiatry Northwestern University.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Aron Janssen, MD on November 27, 2019 Sam Edwards / Getty Images More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand VARK Learning Styles Visual Auditory Text Kinesthetic Why It Matters View All Back To Top Learning styles are a popular concept in psychology and education and are intended to identify how people learn best. The VARK model of learning styles suggests that there are four main types of learners. These four key types are: Visual learnersAuditory learnersReading/writing learnersKinesthetic learners It has long been a question as to whether students learn best when teaching methods and school activities match their learning style, learning strengths, and preferences. The popularity of this concept grew dramatically during the 1970s and 1980s, despite the evidence suggesting that personal learning preferences have little to no actual influence on learning results. While the existing research has found that matching teaching methods to learning styles has no influence on educational outcomes, the concept of learning styles remains extremely popular. VARK Learning Styles There are many different ways of categorizing learning styles including Kolbs model and the Jungian learning styles.  Neil Flemings VARK model is one of the most popular representations. In 1987, Fleming developed an inventory designed to help students and others learn more about their individual learning preferences. In Flemings model, which are often referred to as VARK learning styles, learners are identified by whether they have a preference for visual learning (pictures, movies, diagrams), auditory learning (music, discussion, lectures), reading and writing (making lists, reading textbooks, taking notes), or kinesthetic learning (movement, experiments, hands-on activities). What Are the Kolb Learning Styles? What Type of Learner Are You? In order to identify which type of learner people are, Fleming developed a self-report inventory that posed a series of situations. Respondents select the answers that best match their preferred approach to learning. Example Imagine that you are learning how to perform a new physical skill such as riding a bike or dancing a certain style of dance. In which way would you learn this skill the best?Looking at pictures of people performing the skillListening to an expert explain how to do the taskReading about how to perform the task in a bookWatching someone else perform the skill and then trying it yourself If you chose number one, then you might be a visual learner. If you would rather listen to someone explain how to do the task, then you might be an auditory learner. Those who would prefer to read written instructions are likely reading/writing learners, while those who would rather gain hands-on experience are most likely kinesthetic learners. Take a closer look at what each of the VARK learning styles entails. Visual Learners Visual learners learn best by seeing. Graphic displays such as charts, diagrams, illustrations, handouts, and videos are all helpful learning tools for visual learners. Visual learners prefer this type of learning would rather see information presented in a visual rather than in written form. If you think you might be a visual learner, answer the following questions: Do you have to see information in order to remember it?Do you pay close attention to body language?Are art, beauty, and aesthetics important to you?Does visualizing information in your mind help you remember it better? If you can answer yes to most of these questions, chances are good that you have a visual learning style. Aural Learners Aural (or auditory) learners learn best by hearing information. They tend to get a great deal out of lectures and are good at remembering things they are told. Are you an auditory learner? Consider the following questions: Do you prefer to listen to class lectures rather than reading from the textbook?Does reading out loud help you remember information better?Would you prefer to listen to a recording of your class lectures or a podcast rather than going over your class notes?Do you create songs to help remember information? If you answered yes to most of these questions, then you are probably an auditory learner. Reading and Writing Learners Reading and writing learners prefer to take in information displayed as words and text. Reading/writing learners prefer materials that are primarily text-based. Could you be a reading and writing learner? Read through the following questions and think about whether they might apply to you. Do you find reading your textbook to be a great way to learn new information?Do you take a lot of notes during class and while reading textbooks?Do you enjoy making lists, reading definitions, and creating presentations?Do you prefer it when teachers make use of overheads and handouts? If you answered yes to these questions, it is likely that you have a strong preference for the reading and writing style of learning. Kinesthetic Learners Kinesthetic (or tactile) learners learn best by touching and doing. Hands-on experience is important to kinesthetic learners. Not sure if youre a kinesthetic learner? Answer these questions to find out: Do you enjoy performing tasks that involve directly manipulating objects and materials?Is it difficult for you to sit still for long periods of time?Are you good at applied activities such as painting, cooking, mechanics, sports, and woodworking?Do you have to actually practice doing something in order to learn it? If you responded yes to these questions, then you are most likely a kinesthetic learner. What Is the Kinesthetic Learning Style? Why It Matters The validity of the VARK model as well as other learning style theories has been questioned and criticized extensively. One large-scale look at learning style models suggested that the instruments designed to assess individual learning styles were questionable. Some critics have suggested that labeling students as having one specific learning style can actually be a hindrance to learning. Despite the criticism and lack of empirical support, the VARK model remains fairly popular among both students and educators. Many students immediately recognize that they are drawn to a particular learning style. Others may find that their learning preferences lie somewhere in the middle. For example, a student might feel that both visual and auditory learning are equally appealing. While aligning teaching strategies to learning styles may or may not be effective, students might find that understanding their own learning preferences can be helpful. For example, if you know that visual learning appeals to you most, using visual study strategies in conjunction with other learning methods might help you better remember the information you are studyingâ€"or at the very least make studying more enjoyable. If no single learning preference calls out to you or you change preferences based on the situation or the type of information you are learning, you probably have what is known as a multimodal style. For example, you might rely on your reading and writing preferences when you are dealing with a class that requires a great deal of book reading and note-taking, such as a history of psychology course. During an art class, you might depend more on your visual and kinesthetic preferences as you take in pictorial information and learn new techniques. How to Become a More Effective Learner

Racial Segregation And The War Industry - 906 Words

As I see in the cartoons, there were race issues going on with blacks and jews being slaved by someone who discriminates against employees. In the I†ll Run Democracy, 1942 picture the man told them to stay in there Jim Crow tanks. Jim Crow laws were state and local laws enforcing racial segregation. The laws let discrimination and segregation keeps blacks and jews from getting jobs. In the other two pictures Listen Maestro and German Manicure you see Uncle Sam telling the war industry to keep making the blacks and whites work together to create a good sound. which came in context when he told him to keep playing them. The German Manicure picture showed Sam going to get his hand cut off by the U.S. Nazis and Anti semitism means they don’t like jews. All of this was going on internally that led to these other issues. After WW II, Fascism, â€Å"Instituted in Germany by Hitler† (America a Concise History 695) created an authoritative government. Hitler was controlling the government and making people do what he said and wanted. They believed that they were the superior race. Fascism came about in Italy in the years of 1920, but developed in the countries Germany, Spain, and France (America a Concise History 695). WW I caused the rise of fascism because Italy was destroyed and took an economic downfall so Mussolini decided to take it upon himself along with Adolf Hitler to get their countries back again. As stated in Chapter 24, â€Å"fascists leaders worldwide disparaged parliamentaryShow MoreRelatedThe Black Renaissance And The Great Depression971 Words   |  4 Pagesstill exists to this day. The years 1917 to 1945 were particularly tough for African Americans. Racial discrimination was at a high and segregation laws enforced the idea that blacks were inferior to the whites. African Ame ricans desired to escape the unfair treatment and obtain equal rights, but found themselves stuck. The two World Wars drew African Americans North in search of jobs in the war industry, only to find once they arrived more discrimination and inequality. Events such as the ‘Black Renaissance’Read MoreThe Civil Rights Movement During World War II955 Words   |  4 PagesDuring World War II, America as a nation faced many challenges both at home and abroad. Some of these challenges at home included Strikes and protests in war production factories, which was due to increasing differences between the government and employers, with the workers/labor unions. Another was the Civil rights movement for African-Americans, which advocated for equal rights for all Americans, when African Americans joined the war efforts by both joining the military and working in the war factoriesRead MoreImprovement of the Position of the Black Population Between 1940 and 19501274 Words   |  6 Pagespeople struggled to fight for their basic civil rights in the United States of America. 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A Brief Note On Australian Industrial Relations Act

Australian Industrial Relations Name of the student Name of the university Contents Introduction 3 Fair Work Act (2009) 3 Workplace Relations Amendment (Work Choices) Act 2005 4 Comparative Analysis 4 Termination of employment 4 Employment standards 5 Elimination of redundancy 8 Adverse action 9 Conclusion 10 References 11 Introduction The industries in Australia have a number of organisations operating in them. These organisations have a large number of human resources which are involved in the various business functions of the organisations. The relationship between these human resources with each other and the management of the organisations is very important for the success of the business. This requires the establishment of a number of laws, legislations and regulations which manage the industrial relations in the various organisations operating in Australia. These laws and regulations are established in the country by the government and various other regulatory bodies in both public and private sectors. This report is a comparative analysis of such two legislations established in Australia which had a lot of impacts on the industrial relations in the country. The Fair Work Act passed in the year of 2009 and the Workplace Relations Amendment (Work Choices) Act passed in the year of 2005 are the legislations un der consideration. The report compares a number of elements of both the legislations and determines the comparative effect of both the legislations on theShow MoreRelatedPersonal Styles : Gordon Grace1225 Words   |  5 Pages______________________ ___________________ Grace Smith Gordon Jones (F) Would you keep a copy of the Notes? Give reason? No, as a Mediator I will not be keeping copy of the notes. Notes in agreement are typically destroyed. This helps protect the confidentiality of the mediation communications. 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AQF Level Distinguishing Features (Source:Read MoreFinancial Reporting Council: the Use of a Sector Neutral Framework for the Making of Australian Accounting Standards49538 Words   |  199 PagesFinancial Reporting Council: The Use of a Sector Neutral Framework for the Making of Australian Accounting Standards Introduction The Australian Financial Reporting Council (FRC) was established on 1 January 2000 under section 225 of the Australian Securities and Investments Commission Act 19891 (ASIC Act) for the purpose of overseeing Australia’s accounting standard setting process. One of the key functions of the Financial Reporting Council (FRC) is to provide broad oversight of the processesRead MoreUnion Management Relations15863 Words   |  64 Pagesimpact of unions on management behavior. Demand for fairness leads the union to get into almost every area of day-to-day managerial decision-making at the workplace level. Slichter (1941) called the emergence of labour-management relations in the 1930s a system â€Å"industrial jurisprudence† in which the union gains a voice in almost all aspects of management decision-making in the workplace that 4 have consequences for workers. One possible response of management to an increase in wages is to substituteRead MoreInduction Training Essay1861 Words   |  8 Pagesdiscrimination and unfair dismissal claims. Read about keeping your workplace safe and your legal obligations when training staff. ïÆ'Ëœ Before dismissing a staff member you must ensure youve followed due process and are not breaching the Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (PDF, 791KB). Supplier agreements ïÆ'Ëœ Getting your agreements with suppliers in writing will minimise misunderstandings and disagreements. Agreements may include creditor terms, supply conditions and any marketing and promotion support. 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African American Males and Disparity in the Justice System Free Essays

Within our justice system there is a large disparity between the total number of African American males living within our society and living within our prison walls. African Americans males are often faced with overcoming environmental, economic and sociological inequalities while growing up as well as a lack of opportunity. Many of these issues may in fact lead to un-proportional numbers of African American males being incarcerated. We will write a custom essay sample on African American Males and Disparity in the Justice System or any similar topic only for you Order Now In additional prejudicial behaviors by the judicial community may also be a factor in the disproportionate incarceration statistics. More resources should be allotted at the community level to provide for disadvantage minorities to succeed in life and avoid participating in criminal activities, as well as providing resources for education of those within the system to combat prejudice and effect change. According to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) African Americans comprise nearly 1 million of the 2. 3 million incarcerated population and 1 in 6 black men have been incarcerated as of 2001. As can be seen these numbers are disproportionately higher then for their white counterparts. One of the main reasons stated by the NAACP as a causal factor for this disparity is related to inner city crime rates that are prompted by social and economic isolation. There is little opportunity for employment and high drop rates amongst inner city African American males. A study by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences indicates that employment for under educated African American males was approximately 25% while the incarceration number is around 40% showing that they are more likely to be incarcerated then employed. When prisoners are then released there is increase recidivism when there is no employment opportunities and the cycle repeats. In addition the family structure suffers as resources are decreased as family members are imprisoned. Studies have shown that children who parents are imprisoned are more likely to be victims or crime themselves, have little educational opportunity and frequently live in poverty, all which lead to increased propensity for criminal activity in the future. Lack of opportunity is forefront in the disparity between whites and African American levels of incarceration. The book The system in black and white: Exploring the Connections Between Race, Crime and Justice states that â€Å"Minority youths are often from neighborhoods plagued by poverty, high unemployment and underemployment, family dysfunction, low education, and crime. The minority youth is therefore, marginalized, and such marginalization engenders delinquent acts† (Jones-Brown, Markowitz, 2001. p172). By segregating minorities, primarily African Americans, into these areas without providing opportunity we perpetuate the problem by providing little to no opportunities for legitimate success. The authors indicate that the lack of access to social and economic opportunities and the attainment of socially desired symbols of success directly leads an individual to obtain those items by socially unacceptable means such as criminal activities. This general theme of the consequences of segregated communities is shared by Loury in his work Race, Incarceration and American Values. â€Å"Closed and bounded social structures-like racially homogenous urban ghettos-create contexts where ‘pathological’ and ‘dysfunctional’ cultural forms emerge, but these forms are neither intrinsic to the people caught in the structures nor independent of the behavior of the people who stand outside them†. (Loury, 2008. p 33. ) In this case the author is clearly pointing out that it is the situation that creates the criminal not any overt difference in the individuals themselves. There is no born propensity for criminal activity just a lack of social and environmental resources available to individuals living in these areas to allow for success based on achievement. These areas have developed as an ugly reminder of our one time overtly prejudicial society that deemed African Americans as inferior, lazy beings with little or no ability to learn. The path to participating in criminal activities for many African American adolescent males frequently lies in participation in gang activities. In an article entitled Poverty, Broken Homes, Violence: The Making of a Gang Member the authors state a strong correlation between the lack of opportunity and gang involvement. Risk factors include many that are prevalent in the before mentioned ghetto like areas such as â€Å"having gang members in the family already, histories of sexual or physical abuse, growing up in poverty, having access to weapons and drugs, and a lack of success in other areas of life, such as school† (Mueller, 2014). Gangs frequently form a surrogate family for adolescents in poverty stricken urban areas as well as providing a certain level of protection from other criminal elements. Another obstacle which African American males face is one of negatively differential treatment within the justice system. It is assumed that part of the reason for the disparity between whites and African Americans within the prison systems is related to the war on drugs. According to the NAACP African American are 12% of the population of drug users, 38% of those arrested and 59% of those convicted. These overwhelming numbers of convictions would lead us to believe that African American are committing more drug crimes yet the percentage of drug users is actually lower then their white counterparts. Sentences for African Americans convicted of drug crimes are almost equal to the amount of time that white males would spend in jail for violent crimes. According to author of the New Jim Crow this inequality in the justice system is a way to keep minorities from achievement while appearing to have put aside prejudice. It can be argued that our prison system in fact serves the purpose of a vehicle for social control. The long-term effects of conviction separate felons from the general population for life, excluding them from contributing effectively in mainstream society. Once they are released, they are often denied the right to vote, excluded from juries, and relegated to a racially segregated and subordinated existence. Through a web of laws, regulations, and informal rules, all of which are powerfully reinforced by social stigma, they are confined to the margins of mainstream society and denied access to the mainstream economy. They are legally denied the ability to obtain employment, housing, and public benefits—much as African Americans were once forced into a segregated, second-class citizenship in the Jim Crow era (Alexander, M. 2010). Another issues related to the disproportionate numbers of African American males within the prison system are related to previous acts. Again we must look to the lack of opportunity in youth as a leading cause for juvenile detainment. According to the Juvenile Justice information exchange socioeconomic class plays a role in detainment. In delinquency matters indigent children remain within the system because the courts are reluctant to release these children back to the environments they came from as opposed to children with means. â€Å"The child welfare system, public schools, and neighborhood police presence — are structured so that few meaningful distinctions can be made between poor children and those who present a true danger to the community† (Birkhead, 2012). The impact of early interactions with the justice system can negatively impact a person for life. As adults persons who are known within the criminal justice system are more likely to be convicted of crimes as well as facing harsher sentencing as repeat offenders. This practice may not appear prejudicial as it is appropriate to face harsher sentences for repeat offenders, but is prejudicial as to how the person became a repeat offender in the first place. The above issues point to discrimination at a structural level not an individual one, but there are structural cases of discrimination that may support individual discrimination such at the Stop and Frisk law. This law allows officers to stop, question and physically frisk someone they deem suspicious. One of the main problematic issues of this practice is one of oversight; there are no governing rules as to what constitutes suspicion besides individual officers feelings. While this practice has led to some arrests, they are numerically insignificant and have been deemed unconstitutional but not illegal. According to the American Civil Liberties Union 85 percent of those stopped were found to have not committed a crime or have any contraband on their persons. The failure of this practice has far reaching implications as in it has served to foster feelings of mistrust between police officers and the minority population, specifically African American youths. Identifying issues and making changes to treatment of African American males, or any other minority, within the judicial system is a project undertaken by the Sentencing Project. They define Illegitimate or unwarranted racial disparity as the â€Å"dissimilar treatment of similarly situated people based on race† (201, p1. ). There goal is to acknowledge the effects of disparity building at each phase within the criminal justice system and it’s cumulative effects on an individual. They encourage communication within the system i. e. : law enforcement, lawyers, judges, prison personnel and parole workers to develop plans to reform individuals while working towards a systematic change. Through research they have addressed the need for cultural competency training within the judicial system and have made it a requirement. They also address issues pertaining to treatment of early delinquency, severity of crime as well as severity of sentencing. The Project allocates resources for research into other sentencing alternatives that have demonstrated success over incarceration. In addition to looking at the treatment of individuals within the system they provide guidance to policy makers in regards to investments in communities. They support low-income areas in providing education and employment opportunities, access to health care, including mental health care, and substance abuse treatment. Through research the project has identified that un equal opportunities for access to resources negatively affects the low-income individuals and their families. Simply changing the criminal justice system itself will not singularly decrease the disparity between the numbers of African Americans incarcerated in comparison to their white counterparts. Change must begin in the communities. Outreach programs started as early as birth are necessary to effectively create change. One group who sees the need for this change and has answered the call is the Harlem’s Children’s Zone. This group services approximately 17,000 children throughout the Metropolitan area. They begin with providing parenting classes, which outlines the need for proper nutrition and health care as well as courses on other parenting issues with a focus on the at risk child. They provide charter schools with longer school days as well as tutoring programs for those unable to attend. Resources are also available for crisis intervention, access to mental and physical health care, offering assistance in obtaining services such as food stamps, as well as assistance in forming community actions groups to combat crime and drugs. The group also provides afterschool programs including teen groups, fitness, educational, and classes on maintaining a healthy lifestyle, and access to community gardens. Although our society has made great strides in the area of equality, with more African Americans holding important positions, negative differential treatment persists. Poverty stricken communities where there is little opportunity and the prevalence of gang activity increases the likelihood that African American youths will grow up to participate in criminal activities leading to incarceration. The first step towards change is understanding the need for increased resources in poverty stricken areas to provide access for at risk youths to community centers, hot meal programs, and safe afterschool venues. The second step is making these projects a reality. Although the government had earmarked 10 million dollars for neighborhoods to develop similar programs to the Harlem’s Children’s Center project it is not enough, resources must be provided by individual states, communities and persons to combat poverty and provide resources for children. In addition equality in how individuals are treated within the system must continue to be addressed by groups like the Sentencing Project. By early intervention and continued education and support we can move towards equality and diminish the numbers of African American males spending their lives within the criminal justice system. The long-term benefits of these actions will be felt by individuals as well as the community at large with decreased crime and access to the rich resource of an educated youth. How to cite African American Males and Disparity in the Justice System, Papers

African American Males and Disparity in the Justice System Free Essays

Within our justice system there is a large disparity between the total number of African American males living within our society and living within our prison walls. African Americans males are often faced with overcoming environmental, economic and sociological inequalities while growing up as well as a lack of opportunity. Many of these issues may in fact lead to un-proportional numbers of African American males being incarcerated. We will write a custom essay sample on African American Males and Disparity in the Justice System or any similar topic only for you Order Now In additional prejudicial behaviors by the judicial community may also be a factor in the disproportionate incarceration statistics. More resources should be allotted at the community level to provide for disadvantage minorities to succeed in life and avoid participating in criminal activities, as well as providing resources for education of those within the system to combat prejudice and effect change. According to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) African Americans comprise nearly 1 million of the 2. 3 million incarcerated population and 1 in 6 black men have been incarcerated as of 2001. As can be seen these numbers are disproportionately higher then for their white counterparts. One of the main reasons stated by the NAACP as a causal factor for this disparity is related to inner city crime rates that are prompted by social and economic isolation. There is little opportunity for employment and high drop rates amongst inner city African American males. A study by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences indicates that employment for under educated African American males was approximately 25% while the incarceration number is around 40% showing that they are more likely to be incarcerated then employed. When prisoners are then released there is increase recidivism when there is no employment opportunities and the cycle repeats. In addition the family structure suffers as resources are decreased as family members are imprisoned. Studies have shown that children who parents are imprisoned are more likely to be victims or crime themselves, have little educational opportunity and frequently live in poverty, all which lead to increased propensity for criminal activity in the future. Lack of opportunity is forefront in the disparity between whites and African American levels of incarceration. The book The system in black and white: Exploring the Connections Between Race, Crime and Justice states that â€Å"Minority youths are often from neighborhoods plagued by poverty, high unemployment and underemployment, family dysfunction, low education, and crime. The minority youth is therefore, marginalized, and such marginalization engenders delinquent acts† (Jones-Brown, Markowitz, 2001. p172). By segregating minorities, primarily African Americans, into these areas without providing opportunity we perpetuate the problem by providing little to no opportunities for legitimate success. The authors indicate that the lack of access to social and economic opportunities and the attainment of socially desired symbols of success directly leads an individual to obtain those items by socially unacceptable means such as criminal activities. This general theme of the consequences of segregated communities is shared by Loury in his work Race, Incarceration and American Values. â€Å"Closed and bounded social structures-like racially homogenous urban ghettos-create contexts where ‘pathological’ and ‘dysfunctional’ cultural forms emerge, but these forms are neither intrinsic to the people caught in the structures nor independent of the behavior of the people who stand outside them†. (Loury, 2008. p 33. ) In this case the author is clearly pointing out that it is the situation that creates the criminal not any overt difference in the individuals themselves. There is no born propensity for criminal activity just a lack of social and environmental resources available to individuals living in these areas to allow for success based on achievement. These areas have developed as an ugly reminder of our one time overtly prejudicial society that deemed African Americans as inferior, lazy beings with little or no ability to learn. The path to participating in criminal activities for many African American adolescent males frequently lies in participation in gang activities. In an article entitled Poverty, Broken Homes, Violence: The Making of a Gang Member the authors state a strong correlation between the lack of opportunity and gang involvement. Risk factors include many that are prevalent in the before mentioned ghetto like areas such as â€Å"having gang members in the family already, histories of sexual or physical abuse, growing up in poverty, having access to weapons and drugs, and a lack of success in other areas of life, such as school† (Mueller, 2014). Gangs frequently form a surrogate family for adolescents in poverty stricken urban areas as well as providing a certain level of protection from other criminal elements. Another obstacle which African American males face is one of negatively differential treatment within the justice system. It is assumed that part of the reason for the disparity between whites and African Americans within the prison systems is related to the war on drugs. According to the NAACP African American are 12% of the population of drug users, 38% of those arrested and 59% of those convicted. These overwhelming numbers of convictions would lead us to believe that African American are committing more drug crimes yet the percentage of drug users is actually lower then their white counterparts. Sentences for African Americans convicted of drug crimes are almost equal to the amount of time that white males would spend in jail for violent crimes. According to author of the New Jim Crow this inequality in the justice system is a way to keep minorities from achievement while appearing to have put aside prejudice. It can be argued that our prison system in fact serves the purpose of a vehicle for social control. The long-term effects of conviction separate felons from the general population for life, excluding them from contributing effectively in mainstream society. Once they are released, they are often denied the right to vote, excluded from juries, and relegated to a racially segregated and subordinated existence. Through a web of laws, regulations, and informal rules, all of which are powerfully reinforced by social stigma, they are confined to the margins of mainstream society and denied access to the mainstream economy. They are legally denied the ability to obtain employment, housing, and public benefits—much as African Americans were once forced into a segregated, second-class citizenship in the Jim Crow era (Alexander, M. 2010). Another issues related to the disproportionate numbers of African American males within the prison system are related to previous acts. Again we must look to the lack of opportunity in youth as a leading cause for juvenile detainment. According to the Juvenile Justice information exchange socioeconomic class plays a role in detainment. In delinquency matters indigent children remain within the system because the courts are reluctant to release these children back to the environments they came from as opposed to children with means. â€Å"The child welfare system, public schools, and neighborhood police presence — are structured so that few meaningful distinctions can be made between poor children and those who present a true danger to the community† (Birkhead, 2012). The impact of early interactions with the justice system can negatively impact a person for life. As adults persons who are known within the criminal justice system are more likely to be convicted of crimes as well as facing harsher sentencing as repeat offenders. This practice may not appear prejudicial as it is appropriate to face harsher sentences for repeat offenders, but is prejudicial as to how the person became a repeat offender in the first place. The above issues point to discrimination at a structural level not an individual one, but there are structural cases of discrimination that may support individual discrimination such at the Stop and Frisk law. This law allows officers to stop, question and physically frisk someone they deem suspicious. One of the main problematic issues of this practice is one of oversight; there are no governing rules as to what constitutes suspicion besides individual officers feelings. While this practice has led to some arrests, they are numerically insignificant and have been deemed unconstitutional but not illegal. According to the American Civil Liberties Union 85 percent of those stopped were found to have not committed a crime or have any contraband on their persons. The failure of this practice has far reaching implications as in it has served to foster feelings of mistrust between police officers and the minority population, specifically African American youths. Identifying issues and making changes to treatment of African American males, or any other minority, within the judicial system is a project undertaken by the Sentencing Project. They define Illegitimate or unwarranted racial disparity as the â€Å"dissimilar treatment of similarly situated people based on race† (201, p1. ). There goal is to acknowledge the effects of disparity building at each phase within the criminal justice system and it’s cumulative effects on an individual. They encourage communication within the system i. e. : law enforcement, lawyers, judges, prison personnel and parole workers to develop plans to reform individuals while working towards a systematic change. Through research they have addressed the need for cultural competency training within the judicial system and have made it a requirement. They also address issues pertaining to treatment of early delinquency, severity of crime as well as severity of sentencing. The Project allocates resources for research into other sentencing alternatives that have demonstrated success over incarceration. In addition to looking at the treatment of individuals within the system they provide guidance to policy makers in regards to investments in communities. They support low-income areas in providing education and employment opportunities, access to health care, including mental health care, and substance abuse treatment. Through research the project has identified that un equal opportunities for access to resources negatively affects the low-income individuals and their families. Simply changing the criminal justice system itself will not singularly decrease the disparity between the numbers of African Americans incarcerated in comparison to their white counterparts. Change must begin in the communities. Outreach programs started as early as birth are necessary to effectively create change. One group who sees the need for this change and has answered the call is the Harlem’s Children’s Zone. This group services approximately 17,000 children throughout the Metropolitan area. They begin with providing parenting classes, which outlines the need for proper nutrition and health care as well as courses on other parenting issues with a focus on the at risk child. They provide charter schools with longer school days as well as tutoring programs for those unable to attend. Resources are also available for crisis intervention, access to mental and physical health care, offering assistance in obtaining services such as food stamps, as well as assistance in forming community actions groups to combat crime and drugs. The group also provides afterschool programs including teen groups, fitness, educational, and classes on maintaining a healthy lifestyle, and access to community gardens. Although our society has made great strides in the area of equality, with more African Americans holding important positions, negative differential treatment persists. Poverty stricken communities where there is little opportunity and the prevalence of gang activity increases the likelihood that African American youths will grow up to participate in criminal activities leading to incarceration. The first step towards change is understanding the need for increased resources in poverty stricken areas to provide access for at risk youths to community centers, hot meal programs, and safe afterschool venues. The second step is making these projects a reality. Although the government had earmarked 10 million dollars for neighborhoods to develop similar programs to the Harlem’s Children’s Center project it is not enough, resources must be provided by individual states, communities and persons to combat poverty and provide resources for children. In addition equality in how individuals are treated within the system must continue to be addressed by groups like the Sentencing Project. By early intervention and continued education and support we can move towards equality and diminish the numbers of African American males spending their lives within the criminal justice system. The long-term benefits of these actions will be felt by individuals as well as the community at large with decreased crime and access to the rich resource of an educated youth. How to cite African American Males and Disparity in the Justice System, Papers