The Veil of Incorporation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2439 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Topics: Act Essay Did you like this example? Veil of Incorporation The veil of incorporation means there is a separate personality between the members and the company. Thus, protecting them from being personal liable for the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s debt and other obligations. (Reference) The members of the company are the shareholders, employee and director. Veil of incorporation will protect the members of the company by establishing a limited liability. This will protect their personal assets and wealth, and expanding the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s venture. Undeniably, this will create a win-win situation for both the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s members and the company. If any legal actions are taken against the company, such as being sued, the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s member will only lose the initial amount invested. For example, if a person has incorporated a company, and the company has incurred a debt of RM 1,000,000 and unable to pay it. And when the debtors decided to take legal action and sue the company, then the veil of incorporation will be applied and protecting his personal assets from being seized. Thus, he would not need to pay the RM 1,000,000 debt because the company and he are a separate entity. History of Veil of Incorporation The veil of incorporation concept was adopted back in 1897. In the case law, Salomon v. Salomon 1897, (EXPLAIN) Lifting the Veil of Incorporation Most of the time, the courts do not go against the veil of corporation. They will just treat the members and the company as a separate legal entity. But in some circumstances or situations, the court would have to take the action by lifting the veil of incorporation if it has been misused or the justice are being threatened. For example, a member of the company uses the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s name to commit fraud or to cover their wrongdoings, then that is considered as misuse of the veil of incorporation. In the end, the veil of incorporation will be lifted, and the cou rt will take necessary action against the member of the company. According to the Companies Act 1965, there are few conditions where the veil of incorporations will be lifted to reveal the wrongdoers or for justice purpose. There 9 sections in the act that state when will the veil of incorporation will be lifted. First of all, Section 36 of the Companies Act 1965 states that it is prohibited to carry a business with less than the statutory minimum of two members for more than six months. The member of the company that is handling the business with fewer than two members after that particular period of six months shall be liable for the payment of any debt incurred. If this situation is not handled and it exceeds the six months period less than two members, then the court will ignore the veil of incorporation. The company and the responsible member shall be guilty against this act. The default penalty would be a fine of RM 2,000. Furthermore, Section 46 of the Companies Act 1965 states civil liability of members of the company for the misstatements in the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s prospectus. Company stakeholders will depend a lot on the prospectus of the company to make financial decision such as buying or selling of the company shares. If the company prospectus contain material misstatements, then it will result in providing false and inaccurate information to the stakeholders. Thus, greatly affecting the stakeholdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ decision making. The court will then take legal action against the person responsible by lifting the veil of incorporation. Section 46(1) mentions that the director of the company, person who is named in the prospectus as director or as having agreed to become a director, promoter of the company, and person who authorized and caused the issues in the prospectus shall be liable to pay compensation to stakeholders that purchase any shares and debentures on the faith of the company prospectus and suffered loss and damage s due to the misstatement. Section 46(2) states Section 46(3) states that there are four ways that the member of the company shall not be liable on the debts that incurred. First of all, if he is able to prove that he as the director withdraw his consent before the issue of the prospectus. The second way is that the prospectus was issued without his permission, and he managed to give public notice after realizing it. The third way is that the he realized the misstatements in the prospectus after issuance of it, and withdrew his approval of the prospectus by giving out a public notice. Lastly, it is when at the time of the misstatements were made, he believed the statements were true. xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Moreover, Section 119 of the Companies Act 1965 states a company must register their office once it commends its business. Once it starts its business, the communication or notice should be able to access to the public for not less than 3 hours on every business hours during ordinary business hours, except for weekly and public holidays. If this not done accordingly, then the company and the member responsible will be fined a penalty of RM 1,000. Then, Section 121(1) of the Companies Act 1965 states that the name of the company should be shown in the correct forms. This means the name should be in legible Romanized letter and the company number shall be presented in its seal, and all business letter, invoices, cheques and other source documents which are issued and approved by or on behalf of the company. Company number is the number given out by CCM once the company is incorporated. Section 121(2) also mentions there are three ways where any company member shall be charged guilty of an offence against this act. First of all it is when he uses or approves the use of any seal purporting to be a seal of the company, where its name does not so appear. The second way is when he approves the issue of any business letters, stateme nt of accounts, invoice, official notice or publication of the company, where the name is not mentioned. The third way is when he approves the issue of any financial documents and instruments such as bill of exchange, promissory notes, and cheque and receipts, wherein the company name is not mentioned as well. The person responsible shall be liable for the payment to the holders of instrument for any losses and damages it caused, unless it is paid by the company. If the name of the company is not displayed on all offices in the correct form, then the company and its member would be subject to a penalty of RM 1,000. Section 303 of the Companies Act 1965 also mentions the liability where the proper account not kept. Section 303(1) says that upon investigation where the company is wound up, if no proper accounts are kept accordingly to the act, the company member responsible shall be charged guilty as an offence against the act. Unless, he can justify that he acted honestly and p rove that it was excusable. The penalty of the offence shall be imprisonment of three years or a fine of RM 10,000. Section 303(3) states that if the company member contracted a debt and did not have the expectation to repay the liabilities incurred at the time the debt contracted, then he shall be charged guilty. The court will ignore the veil of incorporation and penalize the wrongdoers. The penalty shall be imprisonment for one year or a fine of RM 5,000. Section 304(2) states that the persons which has been convicted to the offence under Section 303(3), shall be personal liable for the payment of the debt incurred without any limitation of liability. Section 304(1) mentions that if the business is carried out with the intention to cheat and defraud its creditors, then the court will ignore the veil incorporation and will penalize the wrongdoers. The person responsible shall be liable for the payment for the debt incurred without any limitation of liability. If a comp any is unable to pay its debt yet the director on behalf of the company still incur more debts, then the veil of the incorporation will be lifted and the director will be liable for the debts. Furthermore, Section 304(2) of the Companies Act 1965 states that the veil of incorporation will be lifted when the member of the company is involved in fraudulent trading. Which means the establishment of the company is used for fraudulent purposes. When there is intention to cheat the creditors or the director of the company convicted an offence mostly like under subsection 303(3), then the company will be sued and the veil of the incorporation will lifted. Section 365(2) of the Companies Act 1965 states that any dividend payments made that are not from the profit is prohibited. The director of the company is not allowed to pay dividends out from the source which is not made from the profit earned in the day to day operation. Then, the company also should not incur any dividend payable. If the company does not incur any profit for that particular year of assessment, then only the company is allowed to make dividend payable. Section 169(1) requires every director of the company to present its profit and loss account at its Annual General Meeting (AGM) at some date not later than eighteen months after the incorporation of the company, and once at least in every year at intervals of not more than fifteen months. The profit and loss account shall be made up a date not more than six months before the date of the meeting. Section 169(5) of the Companies Act 1965 states that the director of the company must prepare a consolidated account for the state of affairs of the holding company and all its subsidiaries. And it must be signed by not less than two of the directors. The director must prepare a consolidated account such as a complete and reliable financial statements. The reason behind this is to let the shareholders gain confidence for investing in the company. xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Section 67(1) of the Companies Act 1965 mentions that a company shall not provide financial assistance to the member of the company in connection with the purchase or subscription made for the company shares. There are three exceptions under Section 67(2). First of all, it is when the lending of money is made during the ordinary business activity. The second way is when the purchase and subscription of shares is for the benefit of employees or a subsidiary company. The third way is when the financial assistance is given out to members other than the directors, bona fide for the employment. Section 76(3) states if there is a breach of the section, the company is not charged guilty, but the members involved shall be guily. There are six ways where the court would be able to ignore the veil of incorporation. They are fraud, agency, sham/faÃÆ' §ade, unfairness and group of companies. (source) Fraud Gilford Motor Co v Horne 1933 This is a case law reg arding the lifting of veil of incorporation. This case law was originated from United Kingdom, where the court will ignore the veil incorporation and treat the company and its members as one when it is used for fraudulent pupose. In this case, Mr. EH Horne, the former managing director of the company, signed his employment contract that he would never acquire the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s customer if he were to leave the company one day. He was fired later on, and incorporated his own business and compete with Gilford Motor Co. Then, he obtained legal advice that this would result in a breach of the contract, and he might get sued by Gilford Motor Co. He then started a new company of his, with the name JM Horne Co Ltd. The newly formed company was incorporated by his wife and a friend of his, Mr. Howard. Both of them were the directors and sole shareholders. It is clear that only Mr. EH Horne has binding contract with his former employer, Gilford Motor Co, not his newly f ormed company, JM Horne Co Ltd. Thus, JM Horne Co Ltd was able to compete with Gilford Motor Co. But, the court decided that Mr. EH Horne used the new company as an instrument of fraud to evade his legal obligations with his previous company. Jones v Lipman 1962 This is case law was originated from United Kingdom as well. This case demonstrates on the lifting of veil of incorporation when the company is misused in a wrongful way to disguise the true facts. Back in 1962, Mr. Lipman has made an agreement to sell his house at 3 Fairlawn Avenue to Mr. Jones for £5,250. He then changed his mind at the last moment and no longer wanted to sell that particular house. In order to avoid from being sued for breaching of contract, he then formed a new company and sold the land to the company, which he and another were the shareholders and directors. After that, he claimed that he was no longer the owner of the land and could not fulfil the obligation according to the contract. Mr. Jones sued Mr. Lipman for a breach of contract. In this case, Mr. Lipman used his new company to escape from legal obligations. Therefore, the court when the interest of justice will lift the veil of incorporation and make Lipman to be liable for the defraud act done by him (Clement Chigbo, 2007). Agency Smith, Stone Knight Ltd v Birmingham Corp. 1939 Smith, Stone Knight (SSK) is the owner is a company that owned some land, and one of their subsidiary company was responsible on operating one piece of their land. After a while, Birmingham Corp decided to purchase this piece of land. And any company who owned the land would be paid for it, and would reasonably compensate any owner for the business they ran on the land. After that, Birmingham Corp claimed for the compensation on the ownership of the land. Then, Considering the subsidiary company was not the owner of that particular land Ampol Petroleum Pty Ltd v Findlay Sham/Facade Re FG(Films) Ltd. Unfairness Aspatra Sdn Bhd Ors v Bank Bumiputra Malaysia Bhd. The case law states that in order to do justice when the case was involved by an elemant of fraud, the court can generally lift the veil of incorporation. Hotel Jaya Puri Bhd. V National Union of Hotel, Bar Restaurant Workers Anor (1980) The court is willing to life the veil of incorporation if justice of the case so demands. The veil can be lifted by statute (section) and case law (court). The court will ignore the separate legal personality and lift the veil to determine who would be liable for an offence. Group of Companies DHN Food Distributors Ltd v Tower Hamlets London Borough Council Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Veil of Incorporation" essay for you Create order

Weaknesses Of Plato - 1262 Words

In the Meno, Plato justifies the possibility for one’s mind to uncover knowledge. Knowing one can obtain knowledge motivates the mind to gain more knowledge. Plato explains the theory of recollection by first questioning what virtue is, then demonstrating the process through the questioning of a slave boy. Although a few weaknesses present themselves in Plato’s argument, Plato presents a valid theory on how our minds can obtain knowledge. This paper focuses on exploring Plato’s theory of recollection by examining the strengths and weaknesses of his discussion with Meno. The discussion of Plato’s theory of recollection evolved from a single question, â€Å"What is virtue?† When questioning Meno on the single definition of virtue, Plato was†¦show more content†¦What sort of thing, among those things which you know not, will you put forth as the object of your seeking? And even if you should chance upon it, how will you ever know that it is the thing which you not know?† (Plato’s Meno, 77) Although Meno’s paradox seems to be merely a dodge of proceeding to continue and ponder the true meaning of what virtue really is, â€Å"the (paradox) is one of real philosophical importance and is basic for understanding the Theory of Ideas and the related notion of Recollection† (Plato’s Meno:Text and Criticism, 78). The problem with this paradox is that in order to discover the definition of virtue, one must use reflection and logical insight, not research and proof. â€Å"If the question under discussion had been a merely empirical one-e.g., ‘How many citizens are there in Athens?’-then Meno’s objection would have been utterly pointless, for this is a question to be answered by counting heads and not by reflection† (Plato’s Meno:Text and Criticism, 79). Plato, who has confronted this paradox before, told Meno the argument was an â€Å"excuse for indolence: and hence we must not give ear to this specious argument, for it will make us idle, and is pleasing only to the slothful† (Plato’s Meno, 78). Plato strongly believes in this concept and discusses his thoughts furthermore: â€Å"I am ready to fight for as long as I can, in word and act: that is, that we shall be better, braver and more active men if we believe it right toShow MoreRelatedPlatos View in Human Knowledge Essay examples1392 Words   |  6 PagesPlatos View in Human Knowledge Plato presents three different views about knowledge in Meno, Republic, and Theaetetus. In Menos case, Plato believes knowledge as something innate in us when we are born; in his later view, in Republic, Plato believes we perceive things and gain knowledge; and from the last view, in Theaetus, Plato believes knowledge is the combination of a true opinion and a rational opinion. 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Enhancing Efl Learners Writing Skill Via Journal Writing Education Essay Free Essays

The accomplishment of authorship has been for old ages considered to be of import, but besides demanding and disputing for foreign linguistic communication scholars. In Enhancing EFL Learners ‘ Writing Skill via Journal Writing, Tuan points out that pupils ‘ advancement in authorship is hindered by uninteresting nature of the accomplishment itself ( Hedge, 1991: 6 ) , fright of rectification and clip force per unit area ( Weir, 1990: 61 ) . In his research, he aims at set uping whether the acquisition of composing accomplishments can be facilitated and advanced by the usage of diary authorship. We will write a custom essay sample on Enhancing Efl Learners Writing Skill Via Journal Writing Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The experiment took topographic point amongst 85 Vietnamese sophomore pupils of English of similar authorship proficiency. The topics, divided into Control ( CG ) and Experimental Group ( EG ) , were assigned assorted in-class authorship activities. Members of the latter were besides required to carry on a personal diary for a period of 13 hebdomads. The consequences were analysed and compared harmonizing to quantitative ( figure of words produced, figure of unfinished essays, figure of errors and mean tonss ) and qualitative methods ( questionnaire study ) . The findings province that participants from the Experimental Group produced more words, made less errors and received better tonss. Their motive has besides increased as they found the activity utile and enjoyable. It is undeniable that the pattern of composing diaries helped Experimental Group scholars develop their general composition accomplishments, nevertheless, carry oning the research in an academic environment seems slightly unequal, peculiarly when one takes into consideration Tuan ‘s motivations behind the survey and the fact that academic authorship is well different from that found in a typical foreign linguistic communication schoolroom. Britton ( 1972: 93 ) , in his acknowledged taxonomy, divided composing into three types: expressive ( exploratory ) , transactional ( explanatory ) , and poetic. This differentiation has been since supported by legion bookmans, including Phenix ( 2002: 50-52 ) and Browne ( 1999: 8-9 ) . Transactional authorship is related to academia, as it â€Å" prepares authors for engagement in their academic or professional discourse community † ( Babin and Harrison, 1999: 258 ) , while private diaries are classified as expressive composing seeing that they involve â€Å" linguistic communication near to the ego, uncovering the talker, verbalising his consciousness, exposing his stopping point relationship with the reader † ( Britton et al. , 1975: 88 ) . White ( 1995: 201 ) placed journal authorship amongst those techniques that help develop expressive, non explanatory composing accomplishments. On this footing serious uncertainties can be raised against the value of diary authors hip in developing academic authorship accomplishments. White proposes that the advancement in scholarly authorship should non be achieved by agencies of authorship, but reading: Within academic authorship, the nexus between reading and composing is extremely of import. Reading provides content every bit good as theoretical accounts. Students need developing in sum uping and rephrasing so that they can abstract thoughts from beginnings and present them within the context of their ain authorship ( White, 1995: 59 ) . It is extremely likely that by composing diaries pupils were forced to look for certain words and forms in order to convey their ideas and feelings, which developed their general authorship accomplishments and improved foreign linguistic communication competency. It is nevertheless undeniable that such development is limited to specific, repetitive set phrases and discourse ( e.g. day-to-day modus operandis ) and does non enable pupils to compose in a broad spectrum of subjects. One of the standards taken into history by the writer when measuring findings was figure of words produced. This benchmark seems nevertheless by no agencies related to truth and eloquence – standards of judgement. Undoubtedly, a greater figure of words does non guarantee the meaningfulness of vocalizations. It can, on the contrary, cause prolixity as the participants use constructions that are typical for this peculiar discourse ( e.g. disjunct adverbials ) . With mention to the statements that supported set abouting the research, one averment stated that pupils feel â€Å" uncomfortable about being corrected † and are hence afraid of perpetrating mistakes. The conversations nevertheless revealed that the pupils felt that they can larn and profit from doing mistakes, even if they encounter jobs with showing thoughts and feelings over a limited linguistics repertory. Another disagreement between the concluding behind the research and the existent results is that the challenge of developing the wont of â€Å" believing on paper † was non met by diary authorship. Despite bring forthing more words and doing less errors, huge bulk of Experimental Group pupils kept interpreting their thoughts from the First to the Second Language. Although the research has emphasised truth, instead less attending has been paid to fluency in footings of functional rightness. The interviews conducted by the research worker expose great diverseness in discourse used by the participants. The linguistic communication of the pupil who liked diary authorship appears comparatively right, but sounds unnatural and awkward. Conversely, the pupil who did non like the activity, makes a few errors, but his address comes across every bit much more natural and unschooled. On the whole, the extracts from pupils entries presented in the article are a mixture of formal and informal authorship, with phrases like â€Å" I feel like composing diaries † in one sentence, and â€Å" hence † or â€Å" a meaningful nowadays † in another. As a consequence, the concluding lingual merchandise sounds inelegant and unreal. One advantage of diary authorship is the development of certain, general authorship accomplishments. However, the virtues of diary authorship in developing academic authorship accomplishments remained unaddressed by the research. In the instance of the probe, it seems that pupils gained accomplishments they should already possess or at least pattern at the academic degree: summarising, rephrasing, critical thought, and doing their authorship cohesive. How to cite Enhancing Efl Learners Writing Skill Via Journal Writing Education Essay, Essay examples

Revenue Management Empirical Driven and Pragmatic Analysis

Question: Discuss about the case study Revenue Management for Empirical Driven and Pragmatic Analysis. Answer: Introduction Novotel Sydney based on Darling Harbour operates as an effective hotel that potentially attracts different consumers belonging to business, leisure and family categories. Novotel Sydney being situated in the Darling Harbour helps its visitors to enjoy site seeing and touring facilities to different places of tourist attractions. Novotel Sydney operates as a 4.5 Star rating hotel that offers a host of different facilities to its customers like swimming pools, gyms and tennis courts. It also contributes in helping customers enjoy restaurant services from The Ternary that operates as one of the best restaurant in Sydney. Novotel also helps its customers conduct their bookings based on the development of a Smartphone application, Novotel Virtual Concierge that helps the customers in making online bookings of flights and also of hotel rooms. The application is also developed for helping the customers gain effective information associated with weather reports. Customers are also encouraged by the hotel company to generate effective views and feedbacks concerning the services generated by the hotel and also of the restaurant associated with Novotel. Novotel Sydney also entices its customers through the generation of other facilities like provision of car rentals, car parking facilities, transport services from airport to the hotels and other areas of interest in the city, laundry and dry cleaning services and also the existence of Wi-Fi services for helping the consumers enjoy hassle free internet(Novotel Hotels, 2016). The report focuses on evaluating an effective revenue management and maximisation strategy of Novotel Sydney. It would focus on the incorporation of both empirical and case study based discussions for generation of effective understanding. Potential recommendations would be generated based on the findings carried out. Analysis of Market Segmentation The market segmentation in the hotel industry reflects different types of market segments that are highlighted as follows. Along the broader set the market segmentation of consumers in the hotel industry are essentially categorised as Transient and Grouped. The transient customers are identified as such customers that come in either single or in families and thereby make bookings of hotel rooms for a shorter duration. Room Nights is an effective concept adhered to the stay of transient customers wherein the customers tend to stay overnight in the hotels and leave the following day. Grouped customers are such that focus on visiting the hotels in groups thereby requiring large number of rooms to be reserved for conveniently staying in the hotel along a specific period. The group reservations are generally carried out by the sales team of the hotel. The group reservations are observed to be business or corporate type such that the hotel rooms are booked or reserved based on corporate co ntacts for holding of essential conferences or meetings. The transient consumer categories for the hotel industry essentially relate to customers that focus on personal funding their tours or those whose tours are funded by their company or any other organisation(ROGERSON, 2013). The hotel companies need to effective strategise their price offerings and product and service packages in a customised fashion for encouraging the stay of customers that essentially focus on self funding their visits. Similarly, the transient category of consumers visiting the hotels also needs to be categorised based on the purpose of their visits. The customers desiring of visiting a specific region for business purposes is taken to check out at a downtown hotel and usually focuses to stay in for a shorter duration. On the other hand, the visitor focusing on visiting a region for leisure, touring or travelling purposes focuses on staying in luxury hotels that would help them enjoy different facilities along with touring to different locations. The customers visiting the hotels can also be segmented based on age and income categories such that younger people and also people belonging to high income categories tend to visit hotels with increased facilities and amenities and also tho se belonging to the premium category(Ling, Guo, Yang, 2014). The middle and lower income customers and also those belonging to higher age groups essentially focus on visiting value based hotels that generate services at lower or discounted prices. The market segmentation of customers in the hotel industry also needs to be carried out based on the marital status of the visitors. The hotel companies are required to focus on the development of effective product packages for attracting customers whether single or in family settings for staying in the hotels. Finally, consumer or visitor types to the hotels also effectively relate to such customer groups that focus on gaining visits to scenic places on a frequent basis. The developments of resorts, holiday inns, airport and other travel venue hotels and also other suburban hotels are required to be made on the above basis for helping in the accommodation of different visitor categories. The product and service packaging need to be formu lated in an effective fashion for encouraging the frequent visits of the consumers(Duverger, 2013). Novotel Hotel Sydney operates as an effective luxury hotel that focuses on attracting both transient and group customers. On the transient front, the hotel company aims at servicing both single and family visitors to the hotel along with helping the customers visit the hotel for meeting their business and touring needs. Different types of suites are designed for meeting the touring needs of the customers. The hotel has different rooms for conducting conferences and meetings while also generating effective facilities for children and adult customers to enjoy their stay(Novotel Hotels, 2016). Competitor Set Analysis The analysis of the competitor set for hotel companies is essentially based along different factors underlined as follows. The first competitor set for the hotel industry is identified as location or venue. Different types of venues are identified through classification like airports, highways, city centres, convention centres, rural areas and also suburban regions. The existence of different types of locations contributes in encouraging the development of same category hotels that focus on serving specific consumer categories. The availability of hotel companies at close vicinities contributes in serving customers pertaining to like segments or categories and thereby reflect same type of occupancy cycles. In other situations where the competitive landscape of hotels tend to span along a larger area like in the case of oil drilling and refinery sites hotel companies spreading across diverse towns or regions are thus needed to be accounted for generation of a competitive study. Hotels taken for comparison in a smaller area along the oil refinery and drilling sites are observed to be of bad quality for making of effective comparisons thereby requiring hotels to be incorporated along a wider scale. Again, the availability of large number of hotels along a smaller area requires the categorisation and grouping of hotels into distinct and separate categories for making of needed comparisons(Pereira-Moliner, 2015). Apart from location, hotel brands also act as an effective competitor set. The existence of different types of hotel brands like full and limited service and also extended stay brands along with other categories like luxury hotels, upscale, midscale and also economy hotels contribute in effective comparison of hotel companies. Other additional features like the existence of loyalty programs, effective sales and customer servicing teams and also online reservation facilities contribute in enhancing the competitive landscape in the hospitality sector(Law, Buhalis, Cobanoglu, Progress on information and communication technologies in hospitality and tourism, 2014). Similarly, categorisation of the hotels based along product types also contributes in evaluating the level of competition among the hospitality companies. Different product types in the hospitality sector are like full-service, limited-service and also extended stay. The full-service hotels are identified to be hotels that have facilities like restaurants, lounges and other bar facilities also. Limited-service hotels on the other hand are identified to be hotel companies that have limited meeting space and offer complimentary breakfast services to their consumers. Extended-stay hotels are generally developed for hosting of guests or visitors that tend to stay for longer periods like for a week in the hotels. The hotel facilities are observed to match that of limited-service hotels. The hotel rooms of the extended-stay hotels however focus on providing customers with kitchen facilities(Chen, Lin, Chi, 2016). Quality standards of the product and service packages offered by the different hotels amount to be an effective competitor that helps in generation of comparison between like category hotels generating same quality of customer services. Quality standards of the hotels also require the incorporation of environmental and design elements for making of effective comparisons among the different competitor hotel firms(Pekgn, Menich, Acharya, Finch, 2013). Finally, Average Daily Rates or ADRs are identified as an effective competitor set that contributes in categorisation of hotel companies pertaining to a specific region. The pricing practices of hotels is identified as an effective metric that helps the customers in segregating and differentiating between different types of hotels as value based hotels and other economy, mid and high priced hotels(HVS, 2012). Novotel Sydney is evaluated to be a luxury hotel with a 4.5 Star Rating. It also operates as a full-service hotel in that it encourages its customers to enjoy both restaurant and lounge facilities along with a host of other facilities and services(Novotel Hotels, 2016). Other five star hotels operating along the Darling Harbour that generate effective competition to Novotel Hotel are the Parkroyal Darling Harbour operating as a 4 Star Hotel, Hilton Sydney Hotel, Marriott Hotel at Sydney Harbour and also the Pier One Sydney Harbour. The luxury hotels like Novotel Sydney also focus on generating a wide array of different services like having spa, swimming pools, gyms, Wi-Fi facilities, parking facilities, overnight booking and also effective security standards. The existence of the above features along the different hotels also helps in categorising the same as full-service hotels. Demand Forecasting The demand forecasting for the hotel industry is carried out both in a qualitative and quantitative fashion. The qualitative mode of demand forecasting in the hotel industry is essentially identified as judgemental forecasting wherein the hotel manager focuses on studying different symptoms and situations for making of effective forecasts regarding consumer visits. The hotel manager in this regard can focus on taking help of historical data that help in reflecting the historical movement of tourists along specific periods in the region(KULENDRAN, KING, YAP, 2016). Further, in terms of judgemental forecasting the hotel managers also focus on reflecting the level of promotional and marketing activities conducted for the product and service packages marketed by the hotel. The generation of effective product and service packages is taken to help in attracting considerable number of visitors to the hotel at different occasional periods. Further, the planning of different types of events in the hotel is evaluated by the hotel managers would help in attracting potential tourists and visitors. The existence of favourable and unfavourable weather conditions in the region acts as an effective determinant factor that helps in deciding and forecasting the flow of tourists at different times of the year. The above factors are also used relating to the use of time series analysis for forecasting of tourist and visitor trends to the different hotels. The managers of the hotel companies can also effectively focus on evaluating the data gained from Google trends and also other data gained from the use of mobile phone apps and also social marketing based trends. The combined use of both qualitative and quantitative data gained from a host of different sources effectively contribute in making forecasting regarding customer visits to the different hotels(Croce, 2016). Channel Analysis The emergence of technology centric distribution channels has significantly contributed in the enhancement of revenue for the hospitality companies. The current distribution channels contribute in making the hospitality industry consumer centric in fashion. Different types of distribution channels like social media channels, applications for mobile phones and other online applications like Room key.com and Hotel Tonight are observed to have potentially revolutionised the revenue earning landscape of the hospitality companies. The growing popularity of e-commerce businesses along the social media networking platforms has encouraged different tourists and visitors for using the social media tools and sites like Facebook and Twitter in making reservations for their hotel rooms and other flight and train tickets(Robson Noone, 2014). Hotel companies are also observed to encourage the customers for making of online bookings through the generation of effective discounts. Hotel companies ha ve effectively introduced room-booking technology in Facebook that helps customers in making direct bookings from their personal Facebook accounts. Loews Hotels and Resorts is identified to be a hospitality firm that had generated its Twitter application for encouraging customers in making online bookings. Visitors using Twitter are thus required to type #BookLoews in comparison to making bookings through calling on hotline numbers. The use of social media tools like Facebook and Twitter for conducting of hotel bookings helps customers enjoy needed convenience while it encourages the hotel company in gaining needed potential for enhancement of customer satisfaction(Robson Noone, 2014). Similarly, hospitality companies also focus on the development of mobile applications enabled for Smartphones that encourage the customers in making reservations for hotel rooms through gaining access to websites and apps of hotel companies like Hilton and Marriott. The hotel companies can also incorporate support generated by Online Travel Agents or OTAs like Expedia and Priceline that also focus on the generation of websites and mobile applications for encouraging customers in making hotel bookings. The mobile apps are developed in an user friendly fashion such that it can help the customers in making hotel bookings in an easy and faster manner based on the use of a fewer clicks. The mobile apps are further enhanced through the incorporation of GPS technologies that help the customers in tracking and also in gaining access to regional and local hospitality companies(Law, Buhalis, Cobanoglu, Progress on information and communication technologies in hospitality and tourism, 2014). Another significant distribution channel that is employed by the hospitality companies for revenue generation is RoomKey. It serves as a potential search engine that contributes in helping the hotel companies reduce the involvement of online travel agents along the booking process. The above process of reducing the involvement of OTAs helps the hospitality companies for reducing the commission related fees and also in increasing the profits. The search engine was developed by five star multinational hotel corporations like Hilton, Hyatt, Marriott and Intercontinental Group(Ling, Guo, Yang, 2014). Finally, HotelTonight is developed serves as a booking channel on the mobile platform that helps the customers in making hotel bookings even at the last minute. The mobile booking channel serves both the customers and the hotel companies in a mutual fashion where it helps the customers and visitors in gaining access to value hotels and rooms it helps the hotels in filling the last-minute rooms. Hotel companies based on the use of the HotelTonight booking channel can encourage the customers for making value based bookings at the last minute through provision of effective discounts. The same thus helps the hotel companies in gaining needed revenues even at the last minute(Law, Leung, Lo, Leung, 2015). The development of the different digital channels that helps in revenue generation for hotel companies can be traced along the different periods in the following illustration. (Thakran Verma, 2013) Novotel Sydney based in Darling Harbour focuses on using multiple channels like Online Travel Advisors (OTAs) and also its own website for encouraging customers to make their bookings and reservations. Similarly, the hotel company also focused on development of a Smartphone app like the Novotel Virtual Concierge for helping the customers in conducting bookings and reservations in a convenient fashion(Novotel Hotels, 2016). Conclusions The report reflects based on the use of both empirical and pragmatic analysis the revenue management strategies that is and also needs to be undertaken by Novotel Sydney based in Darling Harbour. The analysis being conducted based on segmenting the consumer market for the hotel, analysis of the competitor set, demand forecasting practices and channel management rightly reflects on the potential strategies that is and also needs to be undertaken by the hotel company for revenue maximisation. The understanding of effective strategies undertaken by other luxury hotels along the different segments effectively help in reviewing and evaluating the present revenue maximisation strategy of Novotel Sydney. Recommendations Based on the above analysis it can be effectively recommended that Novotel Sydney based in Darling Harbour needs to focus on the development of applications for the social networking platforms like Facebook and Twitter in that the same would help the customers generate bookings and reservations in an instant and direct fashion. The development of such apps would not only help the hotel company in developing an international market presence but also in attracting potential revenues. Further, Novotel Sydney needs to focus on the development of effective gaming and other events matching with the seasons and external occasions to help in attracting potential tourists. The management of the hotel is also required to effectively focus on understanding and evaluating consumer and tourist trends visiting the Sydney hotels. The trend analysis can be conducted based on the use of both historical and online data for generation of effective forecasts. References Chen, C.-M., Lin, Y.-C., Chi, Y.-P. (2016). Do competitive strategy effects vary across hotel industry cycles? International Journal of Hospitality Management , 54, 104-106. Croce, V. (2016). Can tourism confidence index improve tourism demand forecasts? Journal of Tourism Futures , 2 (1), 6-21. Duverger, P. (2013). Curvilinear Effects of User-Generated Content on Hotels' Market Share: A Dynamic Panel-Data Analysis. Journal of Travel Research , 20 (10), 1-14. HVS. (2012). How to Identify a Hotel Competitive Set for a Hotel Market Study. Ontario: HVS. KULENDRAN, N., KING, B., YAP, M. H. (2016). Using demand determinants to anticipate fluctuations in hotel occupancy. Tourism Economics , 22 (1), 179-187. Law, R., Buhalis, D., Cobanoglu, C. (2014). Progress on information and communication technologies in hospitality and tourism. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management , 26 (5), 727-750. Law, R., Leung, R., Lo, A., Leung, D. (2015). Distribution channel in hospitality and tourism. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management , 27 (3), 431-452. Ling, L., Guo, X., Yang, C. (2014). Opening the online marketplace: An examination of hotel pricing and travel agency on-line distribution of rooms. Tourism Management , 45, 234-243. Novotel Hotels. (2016). Welcome to the Novotel Sydney on Darling Harbour. Retrieved August 8, 2016, from https://www.novoteldarlingharbour.com.au/ Pekgn, P., Menich, R. P., Acharya, S., Finch, P. G. (2013). Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group Maximizes Revenue Through Improved Demand Management and Price Optimization. Interfaces , 43 (1), 21-36. Pereira-Moliner, J. F.-A. (2015). The Holy Grail: Environmental management, competitive advantage and business performance in the Spanish hotel industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management , 27 (5), 714-738. Robson, S. K., Noone, B. (2014). Show me what you see, tell me what you think: Using eye tracking for hospitality research. Cornell Hospitality Report , 14 (17), 6-12. ROGERSON, J. M. (2013). Market segmentation and the changing budget hotel industry in urban South Africa. Urbani izziv , 24 (2), 112-123. Thakran, K., Verma, R. (2013). The emergence of hybrid online distribution channels in travel, tourism and hospitality. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly , 54 (3), 240-247.

Megan Guimon Essays - The Makioka Sisters, Taeko, Junichir Tanizaki

Megan Guimon Saliba Alternative Calendars 11 January 2000 Change Is The Only Constant With life comes death, with destruction comes rebirth, and with fear often comes understanding and growth. Constant change within our environment surrounds and invades our existence--which too is ever changing, growing, digressing and evolving. Often a sad tone resounds within this acceptance of uncontrolled fluctuation. It is the sad or destructive experiences that one wishes could be controlled; and often those become more apparent then the joy and happiness that accompanies change. Throughout Tanizaki's The Makioka Sisters the essence of the novel is captured using subtlety to describe the timeless cyclical changes in nature, thus revealing and enhancing the acceptance of the unavoidable impermanence that is woven into the sister's lives and experiences. Transformations within their natural world saturate and undeniably affect the lives of the characters in this novel. Throughout the novel the sisters are constantly exposed to the beauties and destruction that the cycles of nature produce, changing and affecting their lives for brief and lengthy durations. Change in nature perpetually occurs and learning to adapt to its inconsistency is often demanded of the sisters. Tanizaki poetically uses the fluctuation of nature to delicately suggest fluctuation or transformations that occur within the characters. For example, as massive flooding consumes the Kobe-Osaka district with destruction, the Makioka's lives are consumed with upheaval; and yet, this inevitable chaos encourages realizations for Sachiko and transformations within Taeko. The most disastrous flood in the district's history, its transforming effects on the river are vividly described as, "less a river than a black, boiling sea, with the mid-summer surf at its most violent" (Tanizaki 176). Its burdens afflict the land, and all of its inhabitants, from scuttling crabs and dogs to the Makiokas, Stoltzes, and countless other families. Physically destroying homes, railroads and schools, the flood claims lives amidst clouds of dust, mud, and sand. The rain viciously reveals its overpowering capabilities. As Sachiko searches for occupying distraction from the worry that she endures concerning Taeko's safe return, she is drawn to the pictures of Taeko's performance of "Snow" from the previous month. The effects of the flood and its devastating possibilities encourage Sachiko to view both these pictures, and Taeko in a revised light. Sachiko admits her luring interest to a photographic pose of Taeko which reveals a "certain delicate winsomeness and grace[in Taeko.] ...one could see from this photograph that there was in her too something of the old Japanese maiden, something quietly engaging" (189). In the midst of chaotic torment Sachiko is able to appreciate the many aspects of who Koi-san is rather than concentrate on her sister's demise. And not without sadness, she questions whether it was only by chance that Koi-san had been captured in this light or rather that it had been an unhappy omen for the disaster that now lay lurking. For Taeko, the floods transform her spirit as fear and lack of enthusiasm take root in her heart. Her environment has instilled a previously unfelt sense of fear and respect for its reigning force. Shaken, and perhaps disenchanted with the changes around her and within her, Taeko avoids work and activity for an entire month after the torrential storm. "Taeko, usually the most active of the three, had evidently not recovered from the shock of the flood. This summer she showed little of her usual energy" (204). As the natural destruction drains her energy it also transforms her interests in Kei-boy, killing the last of her love for him. Within both of the sisters, the inevitable changes that the floods bring, seeps deeper than the surface damage; bidding and encouraging new growth and challenge within the characters hearts and minds. Yet another encounter with a severe storm, this time a Tokyo Typhoon, reveals the destruction and terror that nature can display, disrupting lives, and harshly revealing the change in direction that the Makioka's prestigious lives have taken. The worst typhoon in over ten years, winds literally shaking the house, dirt and sand forcefully flying through vacant cracks, and walls billowing seemingly ready to burst; the family must remain calm although terror chills their bones. They eventually find safety and solace next door in a sturdier home than their own. The storm not

Catholic Rosary Practical And Pious Religion Essay Example

Catholic Rosary Practical And Pious Religion Essay Example Catholic Rosary Practical And Pious Religion Essay Catholic Rosary Practical And Pious Religion Essay Introduction Throughout history legion devices have been created and used for the intent of numbering. Within the field of mathematics the abacus and its beads was of great importance because of its ability to keep a numerical run. Religions have since adapted this method to points more applicable to the religion due to the repeat of supplications. For illustration within Islam, beads are used to number the 90 nine names of Allah, and Buddhists besides use beads to declaim 1,000s of mantras.[ 1 ]However, beads are a simply a compliment to the ritual it is used in. A spiritual religious order within Christianity have non merely used beads to number but termed the object the same name as the ritual pattern it is used in. General Description Within the Christian religion, Catholics use a prayer beads as a agency of devotedness to Mary, who is known as the Mother of Jesus.[ 2 ]The word prayer beads can be used within two contexts: a physical set of beads and the rite of devotedness. The beads are used as a method to track the supplications completed during the pattern. The rosary when mentioning to the stuff object is a twine composed of five sets of 10 beads, each separated by one big bead severally.[ 3 ]The twine is held together with a round image, which is similar to that of a necklace. The image has two big and three smaller beads along with a pendent attached[ 4 ]( Appendix A ) . Rosaries come in all forms and sizes, in assorted colorss and can be made from anything from wood to plastic. The term prayer beads, when referred to in the context of the ritual, consists of the repeat of three chief supplications along with the statement of beliefs in the beginning.[ 5 ]This pattern can be completed by anyone, at any clip , irrespective of whether in a group or praying by one s ego. The rosary can be viewed as a non-discriminatory pattern wherein people from all religion s can partake in it. It can besides be said in any location, but sooner in a Catholic topographic point of worship, the church. Technical Description The descriptions mentioned above are but an lineation for what the physical prayer beads is, every bit good as the Catholic pattern of the prayer beads. Further inside informations will now be given in order to develop a better apprehension of the rosary as exemplified within both of its contexts. In footings of the physical object, the pendent attached to the beads is better known as a rood, a term Catholics usage typifying an article in the signifier of a cross picturing Jesus decease[ 6 ]. In add-on the round image is one of Mary, it joins the five sets of 10 beads to the separated five other beads and rood. This image embodies the fact that the rosary as devotedness, was foremost offered to Mary. The traditional stuff used to fabricate prayer beadss is olive wood, which is said to hold been the wood of the cross that Jesus was hung on.[ 7 ]However, due to modern versions prayer beadss are now are made from assorted stuffs. The Catholic pattern of the rosary Begins with the mark of the cross. This symbolic usage is one that commences every rite within the Catholic religion.[ 8 ]The action happening is merely utilizing one s custodies to touch the brow, so the bosom, and each shoulder, left to compensate severally in order to do a cross. After finishing this action, practicians complete a set of preliminary supplications get downing with the Catholic supplication titled the Apostle s Creed ( Appendix B ) . The words contained within this supplication express the religion of the practician and the chief system of beliefs for Catholics.[ 9 ]This would so take to the praying of the Our Father ( Appendix B ) , followed by three Hail Mary s ( Appendix B ) and stoping with a Glory Be to the Father ( Appendix B ) . This would tag the stoping of the preliminary part and lead to a speculation which changed depending on the twenty-four hours the prayer beads was said. After this begins another Our Father, but this clip with 10 Hail Mary s, followed by yet another Glory Be to the Father. This sequence of supplications get downing with the speculation and stoping with the Glory Be to the Father is referred to as one decennary.[ 10 ]There are a sum of five decennaries within one prayer beads, but four different versions of the prayer beads. As antecedently mentioned, the speculations of the rosary alteration depending on the twenty-four hours of the hebdomad it is said. There are four different versions referred to by Catholics as enigmas, including: Joyful ( Monday and Saturday ) , Sorrowful ( Tuesday and Friday ) , Glorious ( Wednesday and Sunday ) and Luminous ( Thursday )[ 11 ]( Appendix B ) . Each enigma has five speculations on specific events refering to the subject. Each of these five speculations is reflected on while praying the prayer beads. Location within the Religion Within Catholicism, the prayer beads is considered to be a symbolic point every bit good as an informal pattern. The first visual aspect of the physical set of beads is early within the faith and can be seen in assorted images picturing early practicians. The ritual itself is viewed as secondary agencies of devotedness ( primary being sacraments and Holy Eucharist ) that can be completed at one s ain will.[ 12 ]Though the act of praying the prayer beads is non formal in the sense that it is non a demand, it serves as a brooding method of supplication for those seeking a deeper religious religion. Historical Information and ties to Doctrines The praying of the rosary hints its beginnings to the Book of Psalms contained within the Bible. Catholics refer to Psalms as vocals of congratulations to God.[ 13 ]During the early yearss of the Catholicism, many lay people wanted to partake in the praying of the Psalms but could non perpetrate all 150 to memory, therefore a replacement was created. There is grounds in the early 16th century of a book titled the Chiropsalterium, which instructed practicians to utilize their custodies as a mnemotechnic device when praying.[ 14 ]This besides integrated 150 repeats of the Our Fathers as permutations for the Psalms. The Our Father is said to be the most perfect of all supplications, since it was composed for our demands by our Lord himself as stated by John S. Johnson.[ 15 ]He goes on farther to province that within the Gospel of Matthew in the Catholic Bible, Jesus declares that this is the method in which 1 should pray to God.[ 16 ]Catholics today take these words with a few changes and see it the Lord s Prayer. These 150 repeats were subsequently divided into three sets of 50, a fact certifying to the prayer beads s adaptability.[ 17 ]During this clip, the popularity of the celebrated supplication, the Hail Mary grew, and was added as an option to some of the many Our Father s owing to its simpleness. The initial diction of the Hail Mary comes from the Gospel of Luke when Mary is foremost greeted by the angel Gabriel along with the recognizing Elizabeth gives to her cousin Mary.[ 18 ]The remainder of the text was contributed to assorted other leaders within the religion to make the supplication that is normally used today. With the bulk of the rosary as repeats of the Hail Mary, it was so associated with devotedness to Mary. This is where the term rosary comes from. The Latin word rosarium, intending rose garden was apparent in early images of Mary.[ 19 ]The word prayer beads merely stemmed from at that place. The add-on of the Glory Be to the Father occurred over clip by assorted leaders a s the ritual grew in credence throughout the religion. This supplication is shorter than the other two but is filled with congratulations and worship type phrases. Deep roots are found refering to the subject of the Holy Trinity, denoting the look of how three individuals exist in one God.[ 20 ] As Catholicism grew in Numberss, so did the demand for speculations refering to Jesus life. It was out of convenience that each of the three sets of 50 was so farther cut down to groups of 10, with each enigma holding five of import events associating to a several subject.[ 21 ]It is St. Dominic, who during the 15th century, is attributed to the initiation of what is now referred to as the Rosary. Harmonizing to tradition, Mary is said to hold appeared to him and told him to distribute the word contained within the Psalter.[ 22 ]This so formalized to the three enigmas with five decennaries in each. In 2002, the 4th enigma was added by the Pope finishing what is now known as the Catholic Rosary.[ 23 ] Analysis Praying by manus distinguished the Catholic prayer beads from other signifiers of popular devotedness. Even with the absence of the twine of beads, one s 10 fingers could easy function as a counter and reminder that when chew overing the whole organic structure and head should be focused on the enigmas. The kernel behind repeat is to ingrain the message behind the words into one s head in order to do application easier. Though the pattern of the rosary appears insistent by nature, it is of import to look at the large image. The rite is said to be a method of supplication offered to Mary. Why so are the enigmas refering to the life of Jesus? One might reply that the Christianity is rooted in Jesus, therefore all component must associate to him. Mary is viewed as a agency to Jesus and her importance within the prayer beads has decreased significantly since its initial development.[ 24 ] Another issue to be raised is the fact that the Catholic Church prides itself on its traditions. The roots of the Rosary relate to The 150 Psalms contained within the Bible, yet the modern rosary appears to hold no relation to that whatsoever. The reply to this can merely be attributed to the fact that the prayer beads is an informal pattern and has adapted through clip.[ 25 ]The enigmas of the rosary drama a larger function when compared to the Psalms. Decision Though the history of beads serves as a utile method of numeration, Catholicism has adapted its public-service corporation into a pattern and object that provide far greater service to practicians within the religion. The rosary as discussed earlier plays a critical function in methods of devotedness to both Jesus and Mary. The physical beads of the rosary service as a practical counter during supplications. The existent usage of praying the prayer beads is completed in order to construct a stronger relationship with God or to be pious. Appendix Ahttp: //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Rosary.svg/424px-Rosary.svg.png Beginning: Microsoft ClipArt Appendix B Apostle s Creed I believe in God the Father, Almighty, Creator of Eden and Earth: And in Jesus Christ, his merely begotten Son, our Godhead: Who was conceived by the Holy Spirit, Born of the Virgin Mary: Suffered under Pontius Pilate ; was crucified, dead and inhumed: He descended into snake pit: The 3rd twenty-four hours he rose once more from the dead: He ascended into Eden, and sits at the right manus of God the Father Almighty: From thence he shall come to judge the quick and the dead: I believe in the Holy Spirit: I believe in the holy Catholic Church: the Communion of saints, the forgiveness of wickednesss: The Resurrection of the organic structure: And the life everlasting. Amons. Our Father Our Father, Who art in Eden Hallowed be Thy Name ; Thy land semen, Thy will be done, on Earth as it is in Eden. Give us this twenty-four hours our day-to-day staff of life, and forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive those who trespass against us ; and take us non into enticement, but present us from immorality. Amons. Hail Mary Hail Mary, full of grace. Our Lord is with thee. Blessed art 1000 among adult females, and blessed is the fruit of thy uterus, Jesus. Holy Mary, Mother of God, pray for us evildoers, now and at the hr of our decease. Amons. Glory Be to the Father Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit. As it was in the beginning, is now, and of all time shall be, universe without terminal. Amons. Mysteries of the Rosary The Five Joyful Mysteries The Lady day The Trial The Birth of Our Lord The Presentation of Our Lord The Finding of Our Lord in the Temple The Five Sorrowful Mysteries The Agony in the Garden The Scourging at the Pillar The Crowning with Thorns The Carrying of the Cross The Crucifixion The Five Glorious Mysteries The Resurrection The Ascension The Coming of the Holy Spirit The Premise of our Blessed Mother into Heaven The Coronation of our Blessed Mother The Five Luminous MysteriesA The Baptism in the Jordan The Wedding at Cana The Proclamation of the Kingdom The August 6 The Institution of the Holy sacrament

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Theories of Adolescence Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Actin Expression in Hela Cells by APAAP Immunocytochemistry

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Leukocytes are constantly produced and released into the bloodstream where they circulate the body travelling from organs to lymph nodes where they are stored via the lymph and blood vessels. There are three different types of leukocytes known as granulocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes (Kara, 2011). The granulocytes include eosinophils and basophils which are involved in immune responses and also neutrophils ingest and kill any foreign body that enter the body such as bacteria and fungi. Lymphocytes help to protect against viral infections whereas others develop into antibodies against foreign invasions. Blood smears and differential staining techniques such as the Giemsa and Grunwald staining can be conducted to analyse the morphology of blood cells to help diagnose blood disorders. Mononuclear cells also known as agranulocytes are white blood cells containing one lobed nucleus. These include monocytes and immunocytes such as B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages. Normal blood values vary from around 50, 00 to 10, 000 leukocytes per cubic millimetre. High values of leukocytes are known as leucocytosis and it is most commonly due to inflammations as a result of an immune response or blood diseases such as leukaemia (Marshall, 2008). Low values of leukocytes are known as leukopenia this occurs when the bone marrow is unable to produce sufficient RBC like for example neutrophils which leads to neutropenia, this can make the body more prone to diseases and infections therefore mononuclear cell counts are widely used in immunology, haematological malignancy, oncology and vaccine development to monitor immunological functions and to identify and diagnose blood related conditions. This can be achieved by the Ficoll-Hypaque technique; a density gradient method that separates lymphocytes from other formed elements in blood which can be removed and stained with trypan blue in order to be viewed on a haemocytometer under the microscope. Live cells have an intact cell membrane that is impermeable to certain dyes such as trypan whereas dead cells do not therefore viable cells with a clear cytoplasm and nonviable cells with a blue cytoplasm can be identified and calculated (Harlad and Heinz et al, 2004). Immunocytochemistry is the identification of a tissue by specific antigen-antibody interaction where the antibodies are marked with a visible label for examination under the microscope which was first described by Albert H. Coons in 1941. This technique was further developed in different ways by using different indicator molecules such as fluorescein molecules, biotin and enzymes i.e. peroxidase. APAAP (alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase) is an alkaline phosphatase method first described by Cordell et al in 1984 (John, 2008). Antibodies are proteins known as immunoglobulins (Igs) which are further categorised in to different isotypes. The IgG isotype is most commonly used in immunocytochemistry as its biding is more consistent. Actin is a highly conserved and abundant cytoskeletal protein which exists in six different known isofroms in mammals therefore it can be used to detect cancer cells like Hela cells, a continuously cultured strain isolated from human cervical cance r cells, as they are rapidly multiplying and are rich in Actin. Beta and gamma actin are known as cytoplasmic actin as they are expressed in non-muscle cells. Mouse anti-actin antibody is used in this technique as they are a form of highly conserved globular proteins which are found in cell mortality, structure and integrity of all eukaryotic cells hence are often found around the nucleus in the cytoplasm (Richard, 2010). Results Figure 1 Figure 1.1 Red blood cell Platelets Figure 2Figure 2.1 Figure 3: Hela cells only Figure 4: No Primary control Figure 5: Isotype control Figure 6: Actin Discussion The Giemsa and Grunwald staining of the sheep’s blood smear show the all the red blood cells are approximately the same shape and size however the number of red blood cells present appears to be fairly lower than expected. There are a number of reasons as to why this could have occurred such as lack of iron lead to failure of haemoglobin production therefore the number of red blood cells lost cannot be replaced efficiently. Other causes that may result in decreased numbers of erythrocytes may be due to bone marrow damage or disorders, internal or external bleeding and kidney failure. The red blood cells were all however the same shape and size which shows that there is no cause of concern for diseases related to abnormal shapes of RBCs such as sickle cell anaemia. Although the cells appear spherical in figure 1 this may be due to the low magnification and resolution therefore in order to confirm spherocytosis further analysis in higher resolution and tests need to be carried o ut. The light pink staining in the centre of the RBC shows that the area is less dense indicating the absence of a nucleus and the biconcave structure. The mononuclear cell count shown in figure 2 does not show any live mononuclear cells. There are a number of reasons as to why this may have occurred like for example when pipetting the separated white blood cells layer on top of the ficoll layer may have been taken from the wrong layer of cells. Another point to taken into consideration is that when removing the supernatant the live cells may have also been accidentally removed with it. As sheep’s blood cells were used instead of human blood the layering in ficoll is likely to be slightly different therefore in order to obtain a better sample of live and dead mononuclear cells the white blood cells should be removed closer to the bottom of the tube just above the red blood cell pallet at the bottom. In figure 2 there were no dead cells present in the centre square therefore the percentage viability cannot be calculated by dividing the number of live cells by the number of dead cells. The red blood cell count varies from perso n to person as factors such as the altitude and gender. The normal value of male blood count is 4.5 to 6.0 x106 and in females it is 4.0 and 4.5 x 106 therefore when comparing the sheep’s RBC count of 9.3 x 106 calculated from figure 2 is high. A high number of red cell counts may be due to lung diseases, kidney tumours and polycythaemia vera (PVC). The APAAP immunocytochemistry method conducted shows that the Hela cells are a single lineage as all cells in figure 6 were stained brown when incubated with primary anti-actin antibody and secondary polyclonal Goat anti-mouse antibody which are complimentary to each other hence they will only bind to the same cell lineage with the specific antigen. Figure 5 shows a positive isotype control of hela cells incubated with purified mouse monoclonal. This confirms that the actin antibody specific background staining shown in figure 5 were not due to non-specific interactions of antibody molecules with the HeLa cell sample. Figure 4 also shows that hela cells without the secondary antibody alone without the primary antibody convey no significant background staining caused by DAB hence also supporting the fact the background staining is highly antigen specific (Stross and Jones et al, 1989). This method can be used to analyse the cellular contents, localisation and the distribution of cells in their surroundings and their relationship with other cells in peripheral blood smears, swabs, cell cultures, histological biopsy and bone marrow aspirates hereby giving definitive diagnosis to tumour and cancer diagnosis. An alternative immunocytochemistry method is Avidin-Biotin complex (ABC). Similarly like the APAAP method it involves the application of a primary antibody, secondary antibody however APAAP complex is replaced with Avidin-Biotin peroxidase complex (Buchwalow and Bocker, 2010). Reference Buchwalow, I. B, Bocker. W. (2010). Immunocytochemistry: Basics and method: Immunostaning enchantment. 48-52. Germany. Springer-Verlag. Harald, T., Heinz, D., Trosten, H. (2004). Colour Atlas of haematology: practical microscopic and clinical diagnosis. 63-66. German. Georg Thieme Verlag. John, B. D. (2008). Theory and practice of histological techniques: 433-438. United States of America. Elsevier Limited. Kara, R. (2011). Blood: Physiology and circulation. 16-22. New York. Britannia educational publishing. Marshall, C. C. (2008). Diseases and Disorders: Blood diseases. 103-106. Malaysia. Library congress Catalkukuoging-in-publication-data. Richard, B. W. (2010). Immunocytochemistry: A practical guide to biomedical research. 1-10. United States of America. Springer science and business media. Stross, P. W., Jones, M., Manson, D. Y. (1989). Automation of APAAP immunocytochemical techniques J. clin Pathol. 42(1), 106-112.

Cadmium :: essays research papers fc

Cadmium, symbol, Cd, is a silvery white metallic chemical element with a faint blue tinge to it. It is the fifty-seventh most commonly found element in the earth. It was discovered by F. Stromeyer, in 1817, in Germany. Stromeyer was studying a sample of zinc carbonate which separated into a the new element ultimately called cadmium. The only cadmium materials, greenockite (cadmium sulfide) and otavile (cadmium carbonate) are found in zinc oxide and zinc carbonate. Cadmium, which is usually associated with zinc has some differences; some of which are that cadmium is softer and has a lower melting and boiling point than zinc. There are five basic states of cadmium. First, there is the regular raw metal cadmium. Then there is cadmium oxide which is formed by burning the raw metal in the air producing brown smoke. Cadmium oxide can also be formed by heating cadmium carbonate in acid or ammonia producing a brown powder. By doing this, cadmium and oxygen are being mixed. Cadmium carbonate is made by absorbing carbon dioxide into the raw metal or mixing cadmium salts with ammonium carbonate, forming a salt-like substance. Cadmium sulfide is made by mixing hydrogen sulfide with a solution of cadmium ions, resulting in a range of colors from lemon yellow to a deep red. Cadmium halides are compounds with complex cadmium ions in them to form varied structure solutions. The regular structure of a cadmium atom is that it has four electron shells with a total of 48 electrons in it. The main use for cadmium is to plate iron, steel and other metals, protecting them from corrosion. This method has been used since 1919. The use of cadmium has to be limited because it gives off large numbers of toxins into the environment. The use of cadmium has gradually decreased in order to help the environment. It is not used to plate food processing parts or ovens because of this. Cadmium may be found in some cereals, nuts and vegetables, but scientists doubt that, if taken is small quantities, it would prove harmful. Cadmium is also used for nickel-cadmium batteries and nuclear control rods. It is used in compounds, for example, with copper to harden them. Since the color of cadmium sulfide varies it is useful for

Chicana Role in Society

JannineClare Mendioro K. Land Puente English 102 12/07/12 Paper #5 My mom would sometimes look at me and says my generation is lucky. I never did give a thought what she meant about what she said especially when I came from a family, a clan where women are normally treated as equal as men and sometimes are more precious. But as I slowly grow up, I realized my family traditions view of women are different from the majority of people. In majorities, traditionally women are supposed to stay at home, take care of the kids and dependent towards men. The only females that were permitted to go during the old days were wealthy privilege daughters.During the generation x, women have concerns about equality. Even though Anglo women generally have the same concern with color women, Chicana women have more problem due to their cultural difference which cause Chicana to struggle to adapt in current society means. Regardless what race, majority of women were conventionally oppressed and were not s een equal to men. In â€Å"La Chicana: Her Role in the Past and Her Search for a New Role in the Future† by Berinice Rincon, Rincon portrays Chicanas role in the family. Rincon explains that Chicana women are â€Å" †¦ xpected to be submissive, faithful, devoted, and respectful to her husband and to take the major responsibility for rearing the children†(25). The wife's role in the family is to take care of the kids and the household chores. She is not expected to do anything that’s not related to household chore and taking care of the children. Specifically, â€Å"†¦. Nor is she supposed to share in [her] [husband] political, economic or social activities unless they are centered around the home†(Rincon,25) and she may â€Å"†¦ not interrupt when [he] talk about the things that interest [him] and [his] friends†(Brady,25).As Brady stated, the ideal wife is â€Å"A wife who will have the house clean†(25). Brady is a white house wife who is also expected to do the chores at home. Women were not supposed to talk about political and/or economic view because by doing so they would be questioning mens decision. In addition, Kincaid, a caribbean women claims that the mothers also teaches their daughter â€Å"How to iron [their] father’s khaki shirt†(Kincaid) because when they grow up they would be the one who will iron their husbands khaki.The mother is conditioning their daughter to be submissive by teaching them to take care of the household chores and following her footsteps. Furthermore, Brady conveys that men would like a women who will support them in their career. A wife who would work for him to go to school, take care of the family and take care of the house. Then the men would want â€Å"†¦ a wife to quit working and remain at home so that [his] wife can more fully and completely take care of wife duties† (Brady,26). Because, traditionally women were viewed to stay at home and not work.Thus, â€Å"It is her place and duty to stand behind and back up her macho† (Vidal,23). Actually, White women and Chicanas tackles the same issues in society. First, â€Å"Women are not accepted as community leaders either by the Chicano movement or by the Anglo establishment†(Vidal, 22). During generation x, it is not common to have a women as a leader because they were conventionally portrayed to be submissive and not involved in economic and/or political view thus making it harder for them to gain equality and/or fight for change in their current situation.In fact, â€Å"The white male rulers would want Chicana to accept their oppression precisely because they understand that when Chicanas begin a movement demanding legal abortion, child care, and equal pay for equal work, this movement will pose a real threat to their ability to rule†(Vidal,24). White men want Chicana to accept their oppression because if they don’t accept oppression, they w ould help their white female counterparts to gain equality considering that they have generally the same concerns therefore posing a threats towards white mens power.On this occasion women wants equal pay and right to control their own bodies. What’s more, â€Å"84% agreed that women do not receive equal pay for equal work† (Vidal, 21). Women were not treated equally. Even though they do the same work as the men, no matter what race they were, women were not getting payed with the same amount of money as the men did which will cost shortage in home income. Less money they bring at home the more they will have problems because the cost of living is going up. Furthermore, Vidal claims the Chicana movement would want â€Å"Free legal abortions and birth control for the Chicano community†(21).Both Chicanas and White women are concerned about the right to control their own bodies as resulted in Roe vs Wade where wade won the case and her right to control her body. Th us both White and Chicana women wanted to have a free legal abortion and birth controls because with birth controls they could have more control on how many children they will have. Their expenses will increase if they have more children. It will be harder to support 5 or more kids especially if they only have a low income job.Although White women and Chicana women have things in common, Chicana women are more affected due to racial difference thus making it harder for them to cope in current time. In Latino culture a bad women is viewed as â€Å"The Mala is hard and impious and independent like the macho† (Rincon, 26). In this instance,â€Å"The social station of la mujer mala-Indian women- was [†¦. ] [that] [they] actively participated in the religious, social and commercial life of their own people. They shared the responsibility of the household and also contributed to the economy and social life†(NietoGomez, La Chicana.. 50) but â€Å"The Anglo tradition of industrial and political democracy has encourage women to actively seek equal rights and employment outside the home† (Rincon,26). This is where traditional values of Chicana is crushed with modern time. It was harder for chicana to be encouraged by the industrial and political democracy of the Anglo to fight for their independence because Chicanas culture viewed an independent woman and a woman who participates in economic and politics as a â€Å"bad† women just like the la mujer mala-Indian women.Hence â€Å"The Chicana is torn between being what her [Culture] wants her to be and what she knows she must become in order to function in today’s action oriented world† (Rincon,26). To function to current time she needs to be independent but her cultural views contradicts it. As a result â€Å"84% felt that they were not encourage to seek professional careers and that higher education is not considered important for Mexican women†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Vidal,21). Bec ause most Mexican women felt like higher education is not necessary, they wouldn’t obtain higher education therefore making them only eligible to have a job as a worker.To put it another way, â€Å" Raza women suffer a triple form of oppression: as members of an oppressed nationality, as workers, and as women†(Vidal,23). â€Å"Because the Chicana may suffer from the sex discrimination as well as from racial discrimination, the Chicanas income is at the bottom of the economic ladder† (NietoGomez, Chicanas in.. ,126). For example, â€Å"The median income of the Chicano ($5100) is almost three times as much as the median income of the Chicana ($1800)† (NietoGonez, Chicanas in.. ,126). â€Å"Therefore, the Chicana is primarily a poorly paid worker, with ittle or no job opportunities† (NietoGonez, Chicanas in.. ,127). Chicana is basically the most unprivileged people. Their own culture discriminate them to be independent and if they try to get a job the y have the least opportunity to earn money and to change their current situation. It would be more tougher if the women is a single parent and/or the only one in the family who has an income. As a result of Chicanas cultural values where women are supposed to be dependent, it made it harder for them to advance in society.Their cultural values collided with moderns times cause them to be behind in society’s change. That explains why there are only few successful chicanas because it took them longer to be encourage to have a career. In todays generation, generation y, women are encouraged to have careers, especially minority women. In fact, there are scholarship, programs and foundations that encourage minority women to go to male dominant fields. There are still a little discrimination in workplace but it’s not as severe as before and it’s pretty rare too.If someone discriminate a person due to their gender, that person could sue the person who discriminated them . There are still double standards but as time goes by double standards slowly fades away. â€Å"The status quo must go! It is a new time, and we need to make use everybody’s talent and energy† (Rincon,25). For our country to develop and become more successful we need to encourage everybody to strive for a higher standard and provide them the opportunity to reach their dreams no matter what race and/or gender they are.

Entry

Entry Marketing Objectives The marketing plan for Blink Camera aims at ensuring the recognition of the companys entry level camera and its multi-feature camera. The company is focused in increasing the sales volume for both entry level camera and its multi-feature camera. To achieve these objectives, the following marketing objectives have been developed:Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Entry-Level Camera Marketing Plan Multi-Feature Camera Marketing Plan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Market penetration; the two products will be sold to existing customer segments Market extension; the two products will be extended to new markets where Blink Camera has never entered before. Promoting the entry level camera among the youth as a user-friendly, affordable and creative camera that meets their photography needs Promoting the multi-feature camera among middle income groups and professional photographers Core Strategy Tar get Markets As stated earlier, the Blink entry-level camera will be targeted more at the youth sector. The companys promotional campaigns and marketing initiatives will target the younger generation in all the regions that the company operates in including Europe, Asia- Pacific, Africa among others. To attract the younger generation to this product, the company will roll out a ‘fun’ campaign to promote the Blink entry camera in all the regions where it operates (U.S Small Business Administration, 2012). On the other hand, the multi-feature cameras are more convenient for more mature and financially stable segments of the population. For this reason, the marketing for this product will target the middle income earners and photography professionals. In addition, given the cameras multiple features some people perceive it as complex and difficult to use. To address this challenge the company has produced a user guide that will guide the customers on how to take pictures qu ickly. Competitor targets At present, there are many entry-level camera models in the market. These include products from major global players like Canon, Sony, and Olympus that are promoted widely in the market. Canon will further provide significant competition for Blinks multi-feature camera because it strongly markets its professional models like the 50D and 7D, however, Blink can beat it in the entry-level models if significant marketing is done because it often overlooks its models such like the 1000D. The company projects that its strong marketing campaign for its entry level and the multi-feature camera in both new and established markets will help it capture a significant market share by gaining popularity among the population because of enhanced product awareness. Blinks competitive edge Blinks entry level camera has an affordable price of $ 300 compared to the ones offered by rivals which cost $ 150 on average. The better price offered by Blink will give its customers goo d value for their money coupled with features that are quite similar to the expensive ones. In addition, the user guide that comes with the multi-feature camera provides an easy to use interface that can help professional photographers and personal users to gain confidence in using the multi-feature camera with a step-by-step guide and inspiration. Such a feature is not available in the models that the competitors offer.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Marketing Mix Product For both products, the company will provide three-hour training for the buyers for them to gain an understanding of their respective cameras and their features. This will build their confidence in handling their cameras. Promotion The company will hold road shows in polytechnics, colleges and tertiary institutions to attract the youth segment who are the main customers for the entry level cam era, use will also be made of the social network particularly Twitter and Face book. On the other hand, the multi-feature camera will be marketed through television and newspaper advertisements and demonstrations to selected media houses (Marketing Donut, 2012). Price All the products will be relatively cheaper than those of the completion (Smith, 2010). The entry level camera will sell at $ 50 while the multi-feature camera will go at $ 500. Place The company already has dealers in all its major markets; however it will recruit new dealers in its new market segments. For this the two brands will be readily available to customers. The dealer shops will equally offer after sales services where customers can service or repair their products. People As a company, Blink will recruit training staff who will offer complimentary training to users of Blink cameras. In addition, marketing staff will be recruited who will carry out the promotion for the two brands. Budget The companys marketi ng budget will be based on profits. That is the companies advertising will be a percent of the previous years profits. As the products move toward their growth stage the marketing budget will be reduced accordingly. The company will use 6 % of the previous years profits as its marketing budget. References Marketing Donut. (2012). Marketing Strategy: How do you market an expensive item? Web.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Entry-Level Camera Marketing Plan Multi-Feature Camera Marketing Plan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Smith, T. (2010). Prices and product lifecycle -must all prices fall? Web. U.S Small Business Administration. (2012). Developing a marketing plan. Web.